Based on COD/BOD ratio, the type of wastewater treatment will be determined for better treated water quality for dairy industries. Commonly, dairy wastewater is high loading in organic impurities such as Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), nutrients, where preferred treatment method is biological process.
Type of Biological Treatments in dairy wastewater system:
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The Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) is preferred in dairy wastewater treatment because of its various loading capabilities, mostly low-strength and effluent flexibility.
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An aerobic SBR is an excellent example of the combination of activated sludge granulation with dairy effluent treatment.
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Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR) also shows very high performance when applied to dairy wastewaters: Organic Loading Rate (OLR) increases dozens of times compared to conventional activated sludge systems. A novel MBBR with free-floating plastic elements (with a density slightly less than 1.0 kg/m3) may give 60%~ 80% Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) reduction.
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Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor is the most applied as anaerobic method in dairy wastewater treatment. UASB is most suitable for high COD loading (COD > 30000 mg/L). In UASB system, the average total and soluble COD removals were above 95%, whilst producing biogas rich in methane, it diminishes overall sludge production, and obtains a high quality effluent.
With the wide range of available treatments for dairy wastewater, Global Tankcom study on client’s wastewater constituents and expert in providing integrated solution to treat the specific wastewater.
b. Petrochemical wastewater treatment and well produced water
Oil refineries and gas processing plants generate wastewater from various unit operations. The sources of petrochemical wastewater are diverse and can originate from oilfield production, crude oil refinery plants, the olefin process plants, refrigeration, and energy unities. This wastewater typically contains hydrocarbons (HC), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), heavy metals, and other contaminants associated with petroleum refining.
The produced water that returns to the surface as wastewater during oil and gas production contains hydrocarbon from the deposit as well as naturally occurring toxic substance like arsenic and radium, salts, heavy metals, and chemical additives injected into the well to facilitate extraction.
A proper management or treatment is needed for reuse, discharge, or final disposal to minimize their impact on the environment. Due to the complexity of the wastewater composition, petrochemical wastewater requires combination of different treatment method. At some unique cases, the treatment requires multistage chemical or biological treatment based on the incoming composition loading and the treated water quality.
For the pretreatment, Tilted Plate Interceptor (TPI) or Corrugated Plate Interceptor (CPI) is used as oil-water separator before it passes down to further treatment such as chemical treatment and biological treatment. TPI and CPI uses mechanical mechanism to separate the oil from the water via gravity force. With the tilted and corrugated plate in the system, it increases efficient surface area where it allows the O&G to float on the surface. The floating O&G will be skimmed via oil skimmer and collect separately for disposal.
Following treatment with TSS and heavy metal removal, coagulation-flocculation process is required. Due to the various of heavy metal presence in the wastewater, an optimum pH must be obtained based on the metal precipitation graph. Global Tankcom team is experts in conducting jar test to determine the suitable metal precipitator, coagulant, and flocculant. A sedimentation process is required to remove the flocs and colloidal that has formed in coagulation and flocculation processes. In petrochemical wastewater, the metal flocs (Barium, Boron, Aluminium, Iron, Lead, Zinc, Copper, Nickel, Chromium, Cadmium, Mercury, etc) are considered heavier than other industries hence, Lamella clarifier is most suitable for heavier metal flocs to get sedimented and cost-effective compared to DAF and sedimentation tank. The working mechanism for Lamella clarifier is easier and operator-friendly, also it is safer especially at brownfield. The inclined plates increase the solid settlement rate or Solid Loading Rate (SLR) as the surface is high compared to conventional sedimentation tank.
Once the Oil & Gas (O&G), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), heavy metal and most of the toxic constituents has been removed, the wastewater can be treated in the biological process if the organic loading is still high and exceeded the discharge limit. Some cases, after the chemical treatment, the wastewater can be discharged or proceed to reclamation process with less/no organic loading. In biological treatment, aeration method is widely used with Membrane Bio Reactor (MBR) to increases the performance of the biological system. The activated sludge process or aeration is accomplished by umping the air into a tank and promotes the growth of microorganism in the wastewater. The aerobic microorganism consumes on pollutants (organic loading) to survive and concurrently reduces the organic loading in the stream.
As a final stage, polishing system is essential for achieving the stringent discharge quality as stated in DOE. In polishing system, activated carbon filtration and sand filtration is provided to enhance organic matter, odour removal as well as suspended solid removal, respectively.
c. Automotive (anodizing) and Metalworking wastewater treatment plant (WWTP)
Automotive manufacturing and metalworking industries generate wastewater from metal cutting and finishing processes such as hard anodizing and colour anodizing. Anodizing is an electrolytic passivation process used to increase the thickness of the natural oxide layer on the surface of metal parts. Hard anodizing helps in the functional refinement of aluminium alloys and other metals while colour anodizing is a surface treatment process that enhances the appearance and performance of metals, typically aluminium. There are plenty of chemicals will be used in the process as electrolyte, for example chromic acid used to form a fine, thin, and non-conductive anodized coating around the metal while sulphuric acid used to from a thicker oxide of aluminium or anodized layer around the aluminium component. The toxic effluents from the anodizing industries are rich in heavy metals like aluminium, magnesium, nickel, zinc, iron and phosphates, colour, Total Suspended Solids as well as very low pH.
Advanced technology like nanofiltration, reverse osmosis and adsorption can effectively remove the variety of pollutants in the wastewater, achieving removal rate of > 90%. Apart from that, Global Tankcom provides full study on cost effectiveness also reuse of the anodising/metal working wastewater in other aspects.
Conventional treatment such as physicochemical treatment with tertiary treatment treats the anodizing wastewater up to discharge water quality. As a pretreatment, filtration is required to remove the debris and other suspended materials. Followed by pH adjustment using NaOH, and suitable coagulant in coagulation process to precipitate the heavy metals. The suitable chemical and chemical optimization can be determined by jar testing. After the settlement using lamella clarifier or sedimentation tank, the treated water can be processed to recycle, or discharge based on client’s requirement.
d. Semiconductor wastewater treatment plant (WWTP)
In the semiconductor industry, wafer fabs generate a wide variety of different production wastewaters and spent production solutions due to complex manufacturing processes such as chemical mechanical polishing (CMP), or various rinsing or etching processes performed on wafers. These wastewaters and solutions contain several potentially problematic ingredients such as:
· Complexing agents/ chelates - such as cyanide or PBTC
· Organo-nitrogen compounds - such as pyrazole, triazoles, or tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH)
· Toxic compounds
· Organic compounds with poor biodegradability
· Excess H2O2 or ozone from rinsing processes
· Spent production solutions such as sulfuric acid (H2SO4) contaminated with H2O2 from etching processes with piranha acid / peroxomonosulfuric acid.
These substances enter the wastewater system of the fab after the manufacturing process individually, or in the worst case as a mixture. This complex mixture and the individually already problematic ingredients in semiconductor manufacturing pose difficult tasks for conventional methods of wastewater treatment, especially when an economical, environmentally friendly, and compact treatment is required.
Each complexed wastewater goes through different type of treatment before it gets discharge or reclaimed.
Type of treatment: Neutralization treatment, Hydro Fluoride removal treatment, TMAH removal treatment, Heavy metal removal (copper wastewater treatment)
(i) Neutralization Treatment is a process to adjust the pH to neutral which is pH range of 6~8 before discharge into the environment or for reclaim purposes. Neutralization process happen via chemical dosing of acid or alkali into the stream based on incoming pH value.
(ii) Hydrofluoric (HF) is most common and hazardous waste in semiconductor industries. Conventional method for Hydrofluoric Treatment is two stage precipitation, coagulation-flocculation, clarification, sedimentation, and sludge handling system, to meet effluent quality requirements set by client.
(iii) Tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) is an ammonium salt used in photolithography process where it uses to manufacture integrated circuits (IC), printed circuit boards (PCB), and flat panel displays (LCD). TMAH can be removed via biological processes i.e., aerobic, or anaerobic. Biodegradation of TMAH is efficient during hydrolysis acidification-aerobic process. Apart from that, ozonation is a new method used to degrade TMAH content in the wastewater stream. It is an oxidation action of free radicals created by ozone decomposition in water. The ozone (O3) removes pollutants more efficiently than chemical oxidants.
(iv) Heavy metal removal in semiconductor is a conventional method using metal precipitation, coagulation-flocculation, clarification, sedimentation, and sludge handling system. To be specific, copper is the common heavy metal found in CMP process. The copper wastewater from the production stream can be classified as concentrated and diluted copper waste. Based on the quantity and quality of the copper wastewater produced, Global Tankcom can suggest in disposing or treating the copper wastewater is profitable.
Global Tankcom provides complete wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) which complies with regulations of DOE standard A or Standard B discharge quality.
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Malaysia
