Cabling Works in Security System

Cabling Works in Security System

Cabling in a Security System involves Structured Cabling, which uses Internet Protocol (IP) to connect Recognition Hardware to Access Controller Software. Additionally, Control Cabling from the Access Controller Processor transmits Normally Open (NO) or Normally Closed (NC) signals to Automation Hardware.



An Overview of Control Cabling

"Normally Open" (NO) and "Normally Closed" (NC) are terms used in electrical circuits, particularly in control systems like security systems, to describe the default state of a switch or relay when it is not activated. These terms are crucial for understanding how different components, such as sensors, access control systems, and other devices, interact with each other.

1. Normally Open (NO):

• Definition: In a normally open circuit, the default state is "open," meaning there is no electrical connection between the two terminals. When the device or sensor is not activated, the circuit is broken, and no current flows.
• Activation: When the device is activated (e.g., when a door is opened, a motion sensor is triggered, or a button is pressed), the circuit closes, allowing current to flow.
• Usage Example: A normally open door sensor will not allow current to pass through when the door is closed. When the door is opened, the sensor closes the circuit, triggering an alarm or notification.

2. Normally Closed (NC):

• Definition: In a normally closed circuit, the default state is "closed," meaning the electrical connection is complete, and current flows through the circuit. When the device or sensor is not activated, the circuit allows current to flow.
• Activation: When the device is activated, the circuit opens, breaking the connection and stopping the current flow.
• Usage Example: A normally closed emergency stop button will allow current to flow under normal conditions. When pressed, it opens the circuit, stopping the operation of connected equipment (e.g., shutting down machinery).

Practical Application in Security Systems:

• Access Control: For example, in an electronic door lock, the lock might be wired as normally closed (NC) so that the door remains locked until a valid signal is received from the controller (e.g., after successful face recognition or RFID card scan). When the correct signal is received, the circuit opens, unlocking the door.
• Alarm Systems: A door or window sensor could be normally open (NO), so when the door is closed, the circuit is open, and no alarm is triggered. If the door is opened, the circuit closes, triggering an alert.

Choosing NO or NC in Cabling:

• Safety Considerations: NC is often preferred for safety-critical systems because if the wiring is cut or the system fails, the circuit will open, immediately alerting you to a problem (e.g., a security door will lock, or an alarm will trigger).
• Energy Efficiency: NO circuits may be used in situations where conserving power is essential, as the circuit only completes when triggered.

In summary, the choice between normally open and normally closed cabling depends on the specific requirements of the security system, with NC generally used in systems where fail-safe operation is critical, and NO used where triggering an action on activation is the priority.

An Overview of Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol ( TCP/IP )
TCP/IP cabling refers to the physical network cables used to transmit data in a network that relies on the TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) suite for communication. These cables form the backbone of most computer networks, including the internet, and are responsible for carrying data between devices, such as computers, servers, routers, and security systems.
 

Common Terms to Understand TCP/IP Cabling:

1. Ethernet Cables:
   • TCP/IP data is commonly transmitted using Ethernet cables. These are the most widely used cables in networking, connecting devices like computers, security cameras, and access control systems to network switches, routers, or modems.
   • Types: The most common types of Ethernet cables are CAT5e, CAT6, and CAT6a. These cables vary in performance, with CAT6 and CAT6a supporting higher data speeds and longer distances than CAT5e.
2. RJ45 Connectors:
   • TCP/IP cabling typically uses RJ45 connectors at each end of the Ethernet cable. These connectors look like oversized phone jacks and are plugged into network ports on devices like computers, routers, and switches.
3. Structured Cabling:
   • In many buildings, TCP/IP cabling is part of a structured cabling system, which organizes network cables in a standardized way. This ensures that all devices can communicate over the network efficiently, whether it's for internet access, security systems, or other networked devices.
4. Data Transmission:
   • TCP/IP Protocols: TCP/IP is the set of rules that govern how data is transmitted across the network. The cabling carries this data in the form of electrical signals (or light signals in the case of fiber optic cables), allowing devices to communicate with each other.
   • Speed: The type of Ethernet cable you use will determine the speed of data transmission, such as 1 Gbps (Gigabit per second) or 10 Gbps, which is critical for applications like HD video streaming or transferring large files.
5. Wired Networks vs. Wireless Networks:
   • TCP/IP cabling is used in wired networks, providing a more stable and reliable connection compared to wireless (Wi-Fi) networks. Wired connections are often preferred in environments where consistent performance is crucial, such as in offices, industrial plants, or for high-resolution CCTV systems.

How TCP/IP Cabling Works in Practice:

• Home Networks: In a typical home setup, you might have Ethernet cables running from your modem or router to your computer, smart TV, or gaming console. The TCP/IP protocol ensures that data, such as streaming video or web pages, is sent and received accurately over these cables.
• Business and Security Systems: In a business environment, TCP/IP cabling might connect multiple computers, IP phones, printers, and security cameras to a central network, allowing them to communicate and share resources efficiently.

In summary, TCP/IP cabling is essentially the network cables used to connect devices and enable them to communicate using the TCP/IP protocol. This is the physical layer that makes wired networking possible, providing reliable and high-speed connections for both home and business networks.

Structured Cabling: An Overview

Structured cabling is a standardized approach to designing and installing a network infrastructure that supports various forms of communication, such as data, voice, video, and security systems. It involves the organization and management of all the cabling and hardware that connects devices within a building or campus, ensuring that the network can handle current needs and be easily upgraded or expanded in the future.
 

Key Components of Structured Cabling:

Structured cabling systems consist of several standardized components, each designed to work together to create a reliable and scalable network infrastructure. These components include:

1. Entrance Facilities:
   • This is the point where the external network, such as the internet or telephone lines, enters the building. It includes the necessary cabling, protection devices, and demarcation points between the external network and the internal structured cabling system.
2. Backbone Cabling:
   • Backbone cabling connects different areas of the building or campus, such as between floors, rooms, or buildings. This cabling is often higher capacity to handle large volumes of data traffic. It typically runs vertically through a building (vertical cabling) and links to intermediate distribution facilities (IDFs) or main distribution facilities (MDFs).
3. Horizontal Cabling:
   • Horizontal cabling runs between the telecommunication rooms (or network closets) and individual workstations or devices on the same floor. These cables usually connect computers, phones, and other networked devices to network switches or patch panels located in the telecommunication room.
4. Telecommunication Rooms:
   • These are spaces within the building where networking equipment such as switches, patch panels, and routers are housed. They act as central points for the structured cabling system, connecting horizontal and backbone cabling. These rooms are essential for managing the network and providing connectivity to devices.
5. Work Area Components:
   • Work area components include the actual outlets and connectors at each workstation, where devices like computers and phones are plugged into the network. These components are often located at desks or in office cubicles.
6. Patch Cords and Jumpers:
   • Patch cords are short cables used to connect devices to outlets or to link network equipment within the telecommunication room. They provide flexibility in configuring and managing the network.
7. Cross-connects and Patch Panels:
   • Cross-connects and patch panels are used in telecommunication rooms to organize and manage network connections. They allow for easy changes and adjustments to the network configuration by connecting different cables to network devices like switches and routers.

Benefits of Structured Cabling:

1. Scalability and Flexibility:
   • Structured cabling is designed to be flexible and scalable, making it easy to add or move devices as the network grows. Whether adding new workstations, expanding to new floors, or integrating new technologies, a structured cabling system can adapt without significant reconfiguration.
2. Simplified Management:
   • The standardized structure of the cabling system allows for easier management and troubleshooting. With organized cable runs and centralized patch panels, identifying and resolving issues becomes much faster and more efficient.
3. Consistency and Reliability:
   • Structured cabling follows international standards (like the ANSI/TIA-568 standards) that ensure consistency and reliability across different installations. This guarantees that your network will meet performance requirements and support a wide range of devices and applications.
4. Cost-Effectiveness:
   • While structured cabling might require a higher upfront investment, it pays off in the long run by reducing downtime, simplifying maintenance, and making future upgrades more cost-effective.
5. Future-Proofing:
   • Structured cabling is designed to support evolving technologies. For example, installing high-quality cabling such as CAT6A or fiber optics can handle the higher bandwidths required by future technologies, ensuring that your network remains functional as demands increase.

Applications of Structured Cabling:

Structured cabling is used in a variety of environments, including:

• Office Buildings: To connect workstations, phones, and network equipment efficiently.
• Data Centers: For managing large volumes of data traffic and connecting servers and storage devices.
• Industrial Facilities: Where network reliability and ruggedness are critical for controlling machinery and monitoring systems.
• Commercial Spaces: Including retail stores, hotels, and shopping malls, where connectivity and communication systems must be robust and scalable.
• Residential Complexes: Supporting internet, TV, phone, and security systems throughout the property.

Structured Cabling vs. Point-to-Point Cabling:

In a point-to-point cabling setup, cables run directly from one device to another, which can create a messy and disorganized infrastructure as the network grows. Structured cabling, on the other hand, organizes cables into a structured system with central points of management, reducing clutter and improving performance.

Conclusion:

Structured cabling is essential for creating a reliable, scalable, and manageable network infrastructure. By organizing all of your network’s cables in a standardized manner, it allows for easier upgrades, better performance, and simplified management, ensuring that your network can grow and evolve with your needs.